This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract In IRT models, responses are explained on the basis of person and item effects. Person effects are usually defined as a random sample from a ...

When contextual features of test-taking environments differentially affect item responding for different test-takers and these features vary across test administrations, they may cause differential ...

This three-day course provides an introduction to multilevel modelling and includes software practicals in your choice of software: MLwiN, R, or Stata. We focus on multilevel modelling for continuous ...

A convenient summary of the 'importance' of schools is the proportion of the total variance accounted for, which we will call the 'variance partition coefficient' (VPC) given by the formula: and in ...