Light is a natural carrier of information in both classical and quantum communications. In classical communications, bits are encoded in large average amplitudes of light pulses, which are detected, ...

We examine the distributions of non-commutative polynomials of non-atomic, freely independent random variables. In particular, we obtain an analogue of the Strong Atiyah Conjecture for free groups, ...

The Clausius-Mossotti function for the dielectric constant is expanded in terms of single atom and pair polarizabilities, leading to contributions that depend on both the trace and the anisotropy of ...

Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www ...